Can someone explain how weather works, in relatively simple terms?

I understand the basics, like hot air rises at the equator and then some flows north and some south, creating wind and the basis of weather patterns.

There are some other things that I can’t figure out:

- What makes one location more humid than another? (i.e. east coast summer vs. SF summer)
– What makes one location more foggy than another? (i.e. London or SF)
– I remember hearing that locations along the same latitude will experience similar climates/temps, is this true?

That’s all I can think of at the moment, but feel free to mention anything of interest that might better inform me of how weather works. Obviously, I’m most fascinated by how weather can be so different in different locations, even if they are geographically close (i.e. California’s micro-climates). :)