Attempting a scientific evaluation of prophecies - How can we interpret claims of having heard voices, having had visions and revelations?

The concept of prophecy is found throughout all of the world’s religions. To a certain degree prophecy is an integral concept within any religion.

And the list of prophets is long: Abraham, Moses, Joshua, Elijah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Esther, Zoroaster, Buddha, Jesus, Mohammad, Völuspa, Baha, White, Smith, Monson, Palingboer…

Many claim to have had conversations with angels or visions and other forms of hallucinations. From a modern perspective how can we explain all this? To get this discussion started, here’s a first preliminary list of explanations

The prophecy is the result of

1) critical thinking (strategic foresight, futurology approach)
2) a real (vivid) dream
3) sleep or food deprivation
4) auditory hallucinations associated with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia or mania
5) psychoactive substances such as psilocybin mushrooms, tetrahydrocannabinol, or lysergic acid diethylamide
6) is just made up to implement a personal agenda
7) simply based on unfounded rumors propagated by means of oral traditions

As an example, suppose Muhammad really went up Mount Hira on his own and believed he was listening to the angel Gabriel. How do we explain the fact that the Quran is a real book available today, with recorded stories from the time 710 to 732 CE? What happened at the time on Mount Hira? Or let’s take Elijah who predicted that the people of Israel would return to their own land? How did he get this idea? Or Joseph Smith meeting an angel who gave him the book of golden plates? A hallucination perhaps?

How can we explain the causes leading to documented prophecies? Can scholars use empirical data based on verified historical accounts to draw conclusions that hearing voices was the result of schizophrenia for example?

Are there scientific studies analyzing the personalities of prophets?

This is meant to be a science and history question, not a question about theism and atheism.

Any thoughts?