Am I supposed to put the footnote number on the inside or the outside of a quote?

Outside of quote, very rarely do people use footnotes, probably should use MLA citation form. Did you teacher specify footnotes?

@janbb : Yeah, he specified footnotes unfortunately. ¬¬’ So I’m confused about all of this.

Well, then the little number outside and the footnote at the bottom – or can you put them at the end of the paper? Pain in the ass to word process!

Are you using MLA or Chicago (what class is it)?

Put them outside the quotes, and after the period.

Yes, footnotes are widely used in academic papers and essays.
Agree with @zenvelo Do use quotation marks and the number goes after the period. Like this: “Your quote.“1

If you are using Word go to Insert then select Reference then Footnote and you will automatically get the footnote at the bottom of your page.

Outside and before the period